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Manufactured Systems There are quite a few systems of building that are based on special manufactured products. These systems could be considered "alternative" since they do not represent typical, mainstream building techniques. While greenhomebuilding.com is mostly interested in promoting ways of building that utilize natural materials that require little industrial processing and transportation, it is recognized that not everybody wants a house that is made of dirt, straw, field stones, curved tree parts, etc. It is a fact that many of the manufactured systems, once the house has been created, provide an excellent, durable, energy-efficient domicile. Even though the house may be constructed of considerable steel, cement, synthetic insulation, or other materials that are high in "embodied energy," over the lifetime of the house the energy saved in comparison to more conventional construction may be considerable. For this reason, I have included this page devoted to a variety of these manufactured systems. I am not promoting any particular one, nor do I receive any money from any of these manufacturers for including them here. I believe in being fully informed about all possible ways of building. buildingsystems.com a magazine profiling innovative construction technologies. |
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Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Grancrete, Gigacrete, and Ceramicrete InflatableCanvas/Concrete Shelter Insulated Concrete Forming Systems Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) |
ARTICLES: Ask
the Expert with Michael Collins |
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Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
The Wonders of AerBlock is an article written by Kelly Hart about AAC and how Michael Baron discovered and promotes its use.
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete - Innovation and Development (Book + CD-ROM) by Mukesh C. Limbachiya, John J. Roberts, 2005. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), known in the UK as Aircrete, has gained world-wide recognition as a high quality, innovative construction material which has been extensively used in a wide range of residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Innovations and developments in AAC production and usage, forms part of the Proceedings of the two-day International Conference organised by the Concrete and Masonry Research Group at Kingston University, held in September 2005. The Conference deals with issues such as raw materials, manufacturing techniques and product characteristics that satisfy ever more demanding energy, design, structural and environmental requirements for sustainable development.
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete - Properties, Testing and Design by Rilem Tech Comm, 1993. This is a comprehensive guide to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) for designers, specifiers, users and manufacturers. It provides a model code of practice for the structural use of AAC and provides designers with a complete guide to the structural use of AAC in structural applications in building. Here are some links related to this material, sometimes called AAC: |
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www.incablock.com describes a unique hollow concrete block system that is interlocking and requires no mortar, so it is very fast to assemble. |
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Domespace is what this French company calls their unique, rotating domes that can turn to face the sun as it traverses the sky. These domes have been built in many countries. Although they can be very energy efficient, I wouldn't exactly call them "ecological", since they are made almost entirely of wood and are based on a fairly high-tech concept. You can find out more about them by going to their website: www.domespace.com . |
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Building blocks made out of recycled fly ash and wood fiber. More information available at superhomebuilders.com . woodbrik an article about a product made from recycled wood fiber and fly ash. |
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earthcomegablock.com manufactures machines to produce gigantic compressed earth blocks for construction, requiring heavy equipment to lift into place. hydraform.com uses soil cement Compressed Earth Block technology to produce interlocking dry stacked Soil Cement Blocks. |
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Fire-proof bricks made from compressed earth, fly ash and recycled wood have an interlocking pattern for easy assembly. More information at: environmental.builderspot.com . |
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Illustrated Dome Building: Step-by-step Complete Plans by Gene Hopster, 2005.
Geodesic Math and How to Use It by Hugh Kenner, 2003. It was 1976--twenty-five years after R. Buckminster Fuller introduced geodesic domes when literary critic Hugh Kenner published this fully-illustrated practical manual for their construction. Now, some twenty-five years later, Geodesic Math and How to Use It again presents a systematic method of design and provides a step-by-step method for producing mathematical specifications for orthodox geodesic domes, as well as for a variety of elliptical, super-elliptical, and other nonspherical contours.
Geodesic Domes by Borin Van Loon, 1994. Each of the models in this book is both beautiful and interesting and plays its part as a hands-on introduction to the study of geodesic domes. It was the American architect Buckminster Fuller who pioneered this type of building and who also helped to establish a sound basis for designing them. With the aid of its models, this book explains the underlying theory and shows how a sphere can be divided and subdivided symmetrically to create dramtic buildings which are light and strong and have no need of internal support.
gardendome.com is a site that is great for becoming educated about the many forms that geodesics can take. As well as offering kits for building these, they offer free patterns online that you can use to print and cutout paper models. easydomes.com features a variety of dome kits. |
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Grancrete, Gigacrete and Ceramicrete (magnesium oxide cement) world-science.net This article discribes a unique approach to creating housing by spraying a ceramic-like material on a stryrofoam or other naturally woven frame material to create a solid structure. grancrete.net is the website of the company itself. gigacrete.com describes a cementious panelized product that utilizes various waste materials to manufactrure. More information about Grancrete is available here: www.rexresearch.com. Here is a very informative article about Magnesium Oxide which is used as a cement in these products, comparing it to Portland cement and pointing out its many benefits. Ceramicrete is formed by mixing magnesium oxide powder and soluble phosphate powder (common, low-cost materials) with water. The process is very similar to that for making concrete, using commercially available equipment that mixes the powder components into the binder. The wet material (binder, aggregates, and water mixture) can then be pumped, gunned, or sprayed, also with commercially available equipment. The resulting material is nonporous, with compressive strength higher than that of concrete. Magnesium Based Cement is an article about all of this. This page links to further discussion, with photos and discription of how to use this stuff. |
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An all-natural magnesium oxide cold ceramic cement based building panel that can replace drywall, OSB and plywood. See www.geoswan.com for more information. Here is a very informative article about Magnesium Oxide which is used as a cement in this product, comparing it to Portland cement and pointing out its many benefits. |
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They give a "thermal conductance" value of 0.759 BTU-in/hr-ft 2-° F, which translates to about R-1.4/in., so the 5" thick block would be about R-7, but this can be misleading, since the overall performance of the wall system may measure much better than this. Using the IECC mass adjusted tables you get an R-18 equivalent in Houston, Texas, where the manufacturing plant is. You can learn more about this product by visiting crescoconcrete.com. |
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Inflatable Canvas/Concrete Shelter This article describes a unique concept for creating almost instantaneous shelters with cement-impregnated inflatable canvas: wired.com/news |
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Thermoplan systems use Ziegel blocks with a thin bed of mortar, to provide a breathing wall construction system. When combined with woodfibre board they can form a thermally and acoustically high performance shell. The Ziegel blocks come as part of a full load-bearing external and internal wall masonry system, and combine high thermal performance with robustness, speed of build and a breathing wall design. Because of all the trapped air and the thickness of the walls, these blocks provide reasonable insulation, while at the same time do provide some degree of interior thermal mass for maintaining constant interior temperatures. This is an unusual combination of these two factors in a single wall system. See www.burdensenvironmental.com or www.natural-building.co.uk for information for this innovative system. |
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Wood wool cement board is versatile building material made from wood wool (excelsior, or wood slivers) and cement. The world wide acceptance of WWCB proves its versatility in applications and its durability in any climatic condition. The main characteristics are: fire resistance; wet and dry rot resistance; freeze-thaw resistance; termite and vermin resistance; thermal insulation, providing energy savings; acoustic performance - sound absorption; acceptance of a wide range of finishes. You can find out more about this product at www.eltomation.com |
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Wood-fibre boards are rigid insulation boards made from wood chippings and are available in Europe. They are manufactured from the by-products of sawmills. Softwood chippings are pulped and mixed with water and mechanically pressed into boards, typically 20mm thick. Typically a binder of natural tree resin is used. Various boards are available for different applications: insulating sarking board for roof constructions; below-screed flooring board for both thermal and acoustic insulation; internal and external insulating lining boards.
See www.constructionresources.com ; burdensenvironmental.com ; www.greenspec.co.uk for more information. |
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by Simon Stanfield Kelly Hart asked me to write a paragraph or two on the subject of making cementitious building materials right at project sites. The benefits of doing this, especially using special or native materials, are so enormous, I really don't know where to begin, but here goes …
A volumetric or continuous mix unit on site can resolve this dilemma. These are self-contained concrete production systems mounted on a skid or truck chassis. Some larger capacity units have their own power and are mounted on fifth wheel semi-trailers. In this case, a truck can simply drop the trailer in place, unhook and then ideally hook up a dump trailer to haul in materials. Cement can be supplied in all cases with a portable bulk cement tank, super bags or even paper bags. Water is often available at the jobsite from a well, stream or pond, but should be potable to avoid a lot of undesirable organic matter permeating tanks, pumps, valves, gauges and the mix itself. Depending on the materials being blended (the mixer part of these systems resembles nothing so much as a kitchen blender), most can be trucked in and loaded with a skid steer or front-end loader.A volumetric (thus named because it proportions by volume rather than weight) concrete plant occupies a footprint the size of a truck parking space. An area on each side is necessary to access the holding bins with a loading device. Power can be an integrated diesel engine, truck engine or electric motor. The system is powered hydraulically, so it's simply a matter of powering the hydraulic pump. These things will blend anything. I have personally set up machines to homogenize shredded wood, light weight aggregate, heavy weight aggregate, Styrofoam beads, just sand, just stone, polymers, fiberglass, foam, dirt, shale and a hundred other things. Constructing on site with native materials is a grossly underutilized application of this equipment. (Much of Interstate 80, "Mainstreet USA," was built this way with materials excavated from the environment beside the road grade. Communities have capitalized on this by establishing parks and wildlife sanctuaries in the resulting wetlands.)ASTM Specification C-685 governs the manufacture and usage of volumetric equipment. It must conform to certain standards and be able to proportion materials with less than 1% direct variation. This is less variation than most weight-batch systems exhibit. Usually a belt or chain drag system pulls the materials being blended through calibrated strike-off gates. Special materials can be added as liquids through flow meters, or very low dose vane feeders as powdered solids. Foam can be injected at the mixer throat from a foam generator. Reinforcing fiber can be added at the most advantageous point. Cement, or the binder, is added with water and admixtures where all materials are gathered into a fully enclosed auger-style mixer. This is interrupted auger flighting in a high-shear, high-speed configuration. The auger and shear blades are faced to prevent premature wear and combine the best aspects of all types of mixing - shear, tumble, pressure and counter-current. The augers will mix anything homogeneously. However, if the materials are totally incompatible, the end result may not be the best. "Tuning" the proportions is very important.I think that this method of producing building materials on site is by far the best. It enables the contractor/engineer to have the designed mix virtually on tap. You don't have to mix a batch. Just pull a lever and produce as much as you like. The unused portions reside in the holding bins separate from each other until needed. Mix designs (recipes) can be changed at will. A simple readjustment of the strike-off gates and regulating valves will alter proportions of the materials in the machine immediately. If a change of components is required, just load in the new stuff.If ultimate strength is a consideration, then the mix being produced will most likely be a type of concrete. The most important factor in determining cured strengths of concrete in addition to the cement content is the water/cement ratio (weight of water divided by weight of cement). The lower this is, the better the strength will be, provided there was enough water initially to fully hydrate the cement and aggregates. Typically, a volumetric machine will produce a friendly mix in fifteen seconds mixing time with a W/C ratio of .35. Try to get that out of any kind of batch mixer and use it - on site or ready mix. Simon Stanfield |
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PreFab Green by Michelle Kaufmann and Cathy Remick, 2009. Architect Michelle Kaufmann shares her vision of creating thoughtful, sustainable design for everyone. Her firm, Michelle Kaufmann Designs, blends sustainable home layouts, eco-friendly materials, and low-energy options to create a "prepackaged" green solution to home design. Kaufmann tells about five eco-principles that are present in every design her firm creates-smart design, eco-materials, energy efficiency, water conservation, and healthy environment-and how each work together to create homes that make a difference.
Intermodal Shipping Container Small Steel Buildings by Paul SDawyers, 2008. Intermodal Shipping Container Small Steel Buildings explains how to purchase steel cargo containers and modify them for use as buildings under 1000 sq ft in size. Learn how you can save up to 40% over tradition lumber and factory made steel structures with these unique building blocks. New and used steel shipping containers are available nationwide. It's easy to buy containers and modify them for use as workshops, garages, cabins, guest houses, super carports, RV - 5th wheel covers, and much more (the book shows how). Enjoy a building that's up to fifty times stronger than most structures, built quickly and with amazingly little labor. Includes photos, diagrams, plans, and charts.
Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction
by Ryan E. Smith, 2010. Written for architects and related design and construction professionals, Prefab Architecture is a guide to off-site construction, presenting the opportunities and challenges associated with designing and building with components, panels, and modules. It presents the drawbacks of building in situ (on-site) and demonstrates why prefabrication is the smarter choice for better integration of products and processes, more efficient delivery, and realizing more value in project life cycles.
Prefab by Allison Arieff and Bryan Burkhart, 2002. Prefab presents a series of innovative homes and concepts that boldly demonstrate that this is not your grandmother's prefab, offers a glimpse into the history of prefabricated housing over the last century, and reveals a wealth of practical and attractive alternatives to the status quo. Prefab discusses architects, builders, and designers such as Walter Gropius and Philippe Starck, examines the historical precedents from Albert Frey's Corbusier-inspired Aluminaire house to Kisho Kurokawa's capsules, and showcases the work of twenty-four contemporary architects and designers who are exploring the myriad possibilities that prefabrication offers for housing of the future. From the fantastical digitized aluminum prototypes of Gregg Lynn to the stylish functionality of Ikea's prefabricated apartments in Sweden, Prefab presents a series of innovative homes and space-saving concepts that show how far this building technique has come-and how far it can go.
Yurts : Living in the Round by Becky Kemery, 2006. This book journeys from Central Asia to modern America and reveals the history, evolution, and contemporary benefits of yurt living. One of the oldest forms of indigenous shelter still in use today, yurts have exploded into the twenty-first century as a multi-faceted, thoroughly modern, utterly versatile, and immensely popular modern structure whose possibilities are still being explored. Kemery introduces the innovators who redesigned the yurt and took it from back country trekking and campground uses to modern permanent homes and offices. Yurts inspire a sacred connection between people and their environment, between living and nature, between humankind and the forces that shape the world in which we live. Photographs throughout book rouse your imagination, and the extensive resource section gives you the information you need to take the first step toward realizing your own yurt dreams. It is possible to meet our shelter needs without draining natural and personal resources. Yurts can help you reenvision your understanding of home from that of a market commodity to a concept of sacred space in which you can nourish your soul and find your place in the world.
Making Better Concrete: Guidelines to Using Fly Ash for Higher Quality, Eco-Friendly Structures, by Bruce King, 2005. "This is the best and most readable 'how to' guide for using high fly ash concrete -- highly recommended. Using high fly ash concrete is a win-win-win solution: It makes better concrete, costs less, and has a greater environmental benefit than almost any other primary building material out there."-- Scott Shell, Architect, EHDD Architects"At last, a practical guide on HVFAC written for engineers and contractors alike. When it's available, our company will want to buy 25 copies or so to distruibute to our Foremen, Superintendents and Project Managers. While we have been placing HVFAC almost exclusively for the last five years on all of our projects, we have had to rely on our leadership in the field to educate and to pass on their experience by word of mouth and by their example. Now, if they read the book, our men will also understand why HVFAC is such a great technology now and for the future of our planet."-- Deva Rajan, Founder, Canyon Construction"This is an excellent and informative primer on recent developments in high performance fly ash concrete. The "win-win" use of a plentiful man-made waste product to economically obtain better concrete benefits clients, engineers, and the global environment."-- Mason Walters, Structural Engineer and Principal, Forell/Elsesser
Concrete Systems for Homes and Low-Rise Construction by Portland Cement Association, 2005. Fast gaining on more traditional homebuilding materials, concrete systems save builders time, money, and headaches. Offering durability, cost savings, energy efficiency, and eye-pleasing aesthetics, concrete systems now account for large shares of the walls, floors, roofs, finishes, and landscape products in small buildings in the United States. But are concrete systems right for you and your construction crew? And if so, which ones? This is the place to find out. Written by experts from the Portland Cement Association, Concrete Systems for Homes & Low-Rise Construction provides expert, straightforward answers on concrete systems. Open these pages for everything you want to know about availability of products, evaluating concrete systems for homes and low-rise buildings, requirements for application, managing projects, and much more. Based on case histories, field research, and hands-on-the-hammer experience, and with more than 325 photos and illustrations, this one-stop resource shows and tells what you want to know. It's a huge time and money saver!
construction.com links to an article about making concrete more environmentally sound. romanconcrete.com links to an article about "Roman concrete" and its similarity to concrete with fly ash.
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transmaterial.net features descriptions of newly developed ecological materials, some of which might be used for construction. |
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This material was first brought to my attention by a local builder who has become a distributor for it and is building with it locally. It is really pretty fascinating stuff, with some great characteristics. In a way it is like man-made pumice, in that it is masonry, but is still rather lightweight. It is highly insulating and completely fireproof. I once held a one-inch thick piece of it it in my hand while a blow torch heated the opposite side, and I could barely feel it get warm! It can be cut with any carbide-tipped tool into very precise shapes, then the blocks can be "glued" together with ordinary masonry tile products. Precut blocks are available that have channels in them for standard rebar bond beam applications.This material has been used for buildings in Europe for a couple of decades, but is just now being tried in the United States. It is fairly expensive, but I would expect it to be extremely durable and create well-insulated and attractive structures. Interior and exterior finishes can be spayed on to provide a uniform, durable and colored surface. It has occurred to me that this stuff could be precut into "kit houses" that were architecturally intricate and beautiful, and would just need to be assembled by numbers.
LiteblokT is an aerated, precision molded concrete block. Unlike autoclaved aerated concrete, it is not autoclaved. Rather, a non-toxic foaming agent is introduced to create a closed structure of discrete air pockets. The blocks are laid without mortar and are interlocking and lightweight allowing for significant savings in construction time and cost. Applications include residential and commercial construction, fences and retaining walls. 
Thermoplan or Zeigel Blocks are fired clay blocks which use about 1/3 less energy to make compared to concrete blocks, and about 2/3 less CO2. They are fast, simple and ideal for a self builder to use. About 50% of German homes are made this way and the technology is spreading to other areas of Europe. 
I feel so strongly about this method of making cementitious building materials that I would like to answer questions and/or become involved in any projects where my expertise might be helpful. I have been involved in concrete for over thirty years and travel the country as a Volumetric Consultant. 
TirolessaUSA Stucco Sprayer
(available from Amazon.com). This stucco sprayer is a great tool to speed up your building process and save labor! Use with a minimum 7 cfm at 90 psi compressor (not included). For the larger jets, use at least a 12 cfm at 90 psi or larger compressor. This stucco spraying tool can be used to spray mortar, plaster, stucco, small scale shotcrete, papercrete, earthen mixes and more. It can be used for traditional plastering and many alternative building methods. It can apply plaster on strawbale, earthbags, insulated panels and thin shell ferrocement, shotcrete, and structural concrete insulated panels. This stucco sprayer is for heavy applications of 1/4" to 1" thickness. Typically it is used for brown coat, scratch coat, base coat, and slip coat applications. 
